Bio-Textile Engineering: As Excellent Promising Word for Textile Sector

Sayeada Tayeaba Ruhi
Chittagong Textile Engineering College, Zorarganj.

Abstract:
Currently the textile sector is expanding very rapidly. It’s production process much improved than before but these processes are leading contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, microplastic pollution and toxic water. Fortunately, modern science has research and find out possible way to convert textile fiber that support a sustainable circular materials economy are within reach. Bio-engineering of fibers at the Nano, micro and macroscale provides several avenues to improve both the environmental impacts and technical performance of textile materials. Bio based technology like enzyme engineering to save our environment from being polluted. Finally, it will be said that, biotechnology gives us sustainable bio textile production and also gift us a healthy environment.

Keywords: Environment, ecology, DNA, pollution, cellulose, ETP, SDG.

I. Introduction:
Bio-fabrication of materials will play an important role in simplify the transition form an environmentally destructive linear economy to a circular economy.^[1] It depends on nature cycling, using ecologically being process to close and minimize materials. Bio-based technology through enzyme engineering using recombinant DNA technology can be used textile industries. It became decrease our environmental pollution. These technologies participate in finishing process. Microbial enzymes can be participated the process of resizing, bleaching, scouring, bio-finishing and waste water treatment in every sector of the textile industry. In generally uses of textile fiber such as nylon, elastane is non-renewable and non-recyclable. These materials have bad impact in our environment. On the other side, the natural fiber such as cotton and degradable polymer fiber (polylactic acid) are renewable. The current textile industry contributes to 10% of global carbon emissions^[2] and 20% of global waste water^[3]. As a result, the global warming increases gradually and water being polluted. Besides biodegradable products are non-toxic to microorganism in the environment. For example, collagen fibers can be produced in genetically modified microbes to bio-fabricate leather and bio utilization of rapidly renewable biopolymers such as fungal mycelium can create alternative leathers and fabrics. Various bio-fabrication technologies provide significant opportunities for bio-textile with minimal waste in the production phase. It also impacts the climate change mitigation potential of bio-fabrication process and bio-material products. Combined treatment with different enzyme in a same reactor will save time, water and other element along with reduction cost. It provides also clean environment in industry.

Fig: Protein engineering approaches for textiles^[4]

II. Application:
Protein engineering is very important for orthopedic and surgical application. In the use of bio-technology, it makes naturally dyed fabrics, waterproof dress, without the environmental impact the toxic dyes, finishing agents and Petro-chemical feedstocks. Synthetic biology and bio-fabrication way to a circular textile economy. Bio-textiles produces the product without environment impact, toxic dyes, finishing agent and petrochemical feedstock.

It has features for medical devices such as;

Manufactured with a validated process.
High degree of radial and tensile strength.
Extremely flexible to aid in surgery and successfully integrated with the body.
This textile is thin and light wave.

‘Coral’ produces naturally dyed fabrics. Spider silk can bear ampullated spidroin and it produces Kevlar β-casein is exist in cow’s milk. β-casein help to make rain jacket. The majority of engineered protein products have been designed for biomedical or pharmaceutical applications. Uses of enzyme in textile industries, it reduces environmental pollution waste of water and save cost and time. These nanoscale engineering efforts have enabled the corporation of red ‘dye’ in bacterial nanocellulose fibers in the form of heterologous expressed RFP and the synthetic production of protein fibers with the tenacity and ductility of spider silk. It removes pectin and other impurities from the primary cell wall of the cotton fibers without degradation of cellulose and thus has no negative effect on strength properties of the fabric. Plant Cells have been engineered to produce cultural cotton; yeast strains have been developed to ferment collagen and spider silk. Gluconacetobacter has been engineered to improve the production of bacterial nanocellulose.^[5]

III. Benefits

Bio-based technology in textiles area will be very efficient to reduce the environmental pollution.^[6]
It makes sure a sustainable development within the country’s economy.
If we use enzymes instead of toxic chemicals will make the enzyme most promising tools for textile industries.
Bio-technology is blessing for good health, save money and time, energy, water in the industrial sector.
It helps to get cleaner industrial products.
It works to establish a bio-based technique as effluent treatment plant (ETP).
This Process will be help to make sure green textile.
It also fills up Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).

IV. Demerits

Enzymes can be high cost to produce.
Have to feed microbes properly.^[6]

V. Conclusion
In textile industry, chemicals are used in this manufacturing process are extremely uses which is a serious threat to the environment. Bio-technology will be work to solve this problem. Since, textiles will be lost as long as the earth; there is no substitute for bio-textiles to make the earth a pollution free environment. To use Bio-technology in textile sector also help to progress economic condition. Finally, it will be said that biodegradable products are blessing for human.

References:

[1]. MacArthur, E., 2013. Towards the circular economy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2(1), pp.23-44. https://www.werktrends.nl/app/uploads/2015/06/Rapport_McKinsey-Towards_A_Circular_Economy.pdf

[2] Chrobot, P., Faist, M., Gustavus, L., Martin, A., Stamm, A., Zollinger, M. and Zah, R., 2018. Measuring fashion: Environmental impact of the global apparel and footwear industries study. Full report and methodological considerations.https://quantis.com/report/measuring-fashion-report/

[3] Weltbank, 2014. The Bangladesh Responsible Sourcing Initiative: A New Model for Green Growth.https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/614901468768707543/the-bangladesh-responsible-sourcing-initiative-a-new-model-for-green-growth

[4] Qian, Z.G., Pan, F. and Xia, X.X., 2020. Synthetic biology for protein-based materials. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 65, pp.197-204.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0958166920300537

[5] Chien, L.J., Chen, H.T., Yang, P.F. and Lee, C.K., 2006. Enhancement of cellulose pellicle production by constitutively expressing Vitreoscilla hemoglobin in Acetobacter xylinum. Biotechnology progress, 22(6), pp.1598-1603.https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845503485&origin=inward&txGid=a8cdf41101c7f3485b33661b5bc3c3bd

[6] F. T.Johra, Md.N. U. Titu,2020. Enzyme Engineering for Developing a Sustainable Bio Based Textile to Be a Green alternative to Chemicals in Textiles. https://www.biodesign-conference.com/2020/biodesign_upload/20201130051712_4143_6535.pdf